The Fall of Orde Baru Regime

However, Indonesian political system have transformed unexpectedly since 1998. In Indonesia, at the height of Asian financial crisis, President Suharto was forced to leave office, engendering a range of political reforms and the introduction of electoral democracy. The Indonesian legislative election, 1999, held on June 7, 1999, was the first election since the end of the New Order and the first free election in Indonesia since 1955. With the ending of restrictions on political activity following the fall of Suharto, a total of 48 parties contested the 462 seats up for election in the People‘s Representative Council. A further 38 seats were reserved for the armed forces.

Following was Legislative elections were held in Indonesia on April 5, 2004. At stake were 550 seats in the lower house of the national legislature, the People‘s Representative Council (DPR).The counting of more than 113 million votes took exactly a month, with the final results being announced on May 5. They showed that the former ruling party of the Suharto era, the Functional Groups Party (Golkar),led by Akbar Tanjung, had won the largest number of seats, defeating former President Megawati Sukarnoputri’s Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle (PDI-P).

Other parties with significant support included the National Awakening Party(PKB) of former President Abdurrahman Wahid, the united Development Party (PPP) of former Vice-President Hamzah Haz , the newly-created democratic Party (PD) of President Susilo Bambang Yudhonono, the Islamist Prosperous Justice Party (PKS), and the National Mandate Party (PAN) of Amien Rais.

Francis Fukuyama: ‘The End of History and the Last Man’

Fukuyama believes that history that is the striving of humanity is coming to an end due to the end of the Cold War and the triumph of Liberal Democracy. He argues that there is a positive direction to current history, demonstrated by the collapse of authoritarian regimes of right and left and their replacement (in many but not all cases) by liberal governments. Liberal democracy and free market capitalism, as the most fundamentally satisfying form of government and method of organizing the economy, represents the final stage of human government. All competing ideologies will fall in its wake.   All states that are not presently liberal democracies must justify their rule so as to state that they are moving towards liberal democracy. They must promise freedom, they must promise democratic voting, because the legitimacy of the state is in question if it does not. He argued that liberal democracy may constitute the “end point of mankind’s ideological evolution” and the “final form of human government,” and as such constituted the “end of history.” That “history” since the French Revolution had been driven by a core dynamic conflict between the forces supporting collectivism and those endorsing the idea of “individualism”; that with The Russian Revolution of 1917 the balance clearly tilted towards the former; that by the late 1970s, however, the balance began to tilt the other way as the various efforts at economic planning in the Third World started to show signs of fatigue; that this shift became even more pronounced, though, when Gorbachev assumed office in USSR in 1985 and began to challenge traditional Soviet assumption; and it became clearer still when Gorbachev finally decided to abandon Eastern Europe and the people of these countries opted for “individualism” democracy and market economics. Thus, ending the cold war on term entirely favourable to the West. This, according to Fukuyama, represented a historic victory for forces of individualism, marking what he termed the ‘end’ of one phase in ‘history’, and the beginning of another where Liberal economic values would prevail globally. There was now no alternative to ‘individualism’ democracy. In other word, he argued that, one phase of history shaped by the antagonism between collectivism and individualism had come to an end leaving Liberalism triumphant.   This view of a new and more specific world in formation was supported by at least three key Liberal arguments. The first had to do with democracy and the idea that while authoritarianism bred the war, democracies bred the peace; hence the more democracies there were (as there were after the fall of communism), the more peaceful the world was bound to become. This assumption was linked to another hypothesis concerning the role of the institutions: these it was asserted not only helped organize the modern world more efficiently but did much to overcome the logic of anarchic by mediating conflict between states. This is in turn went hand in hand with a third argument that linked the cause of peace with the existence of capitalism. Naturally enough, liberals agreed that capitalism had dark underside. But, they argued, as world trade grew, as financial ties between different geographical zones deepened, and countries invested more heavily, in each other’s economies, this would create a powerful set of material incentives that would compel nations to get on with each other. The possibility of conflict remained, but in an increasingly, integrated economic system, the likelihood of its actually accruing was bound to diminish rapidly.

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STAGES TO ESTABLISH PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM

This is another important sub-topic in our group presentation. By looking to this topic we will able to differentiate between democratic presidential and democratic parliamentary. Here are some criterions of democratic parliamentary system.           The parliament is the legislative authority of one particular parliamentary system country such as Malaysia, United Kingdom and Thailand. It consists of the Royal Highness and Houses known as the House of Representative (Dewan Rakyat in Malaysia) and the Senate (Dewan Negara in Malaysia).  All bills are dealt with in both houses, and approved by the King before they become the law of the land. The members of the Senate are known as the Senators. These are persons who have rendered distinguished public service commerce, industry, agriculture, culture activities, and social service or are representatives of racial minorities. Some of them are appointed by the King. They are serving for 6 years, and the dissolution of the Parliament does not affect their term of office. Meanwhile, a person who occupies a seat in the House of Representatives is called a Member of Parliament. The members of Parliament are elected by the people. Ultimately it is the people who decide on how the country is to be governed.            Government in parliament system will be been dissolution after 4 or up to 6 years. It is same like expired date for one particular government. Prime minister will declare that the country dissolves. The government authority will collapse after the declaration.   During this period, the military will take over the country legislature. This is important because it is to discourage the possibility of chaos that normally happened when the country in the dissolution period.            Next, the election must be held not less than 60 days after the prime minister declare the parliament dissolved. One specific organization will conduct the Election Day. For example in Malaysia they call it as Suruhan Jaya Pilihan Raya (SPR). It is important to the organization free from certain force so that the election is fair and free from bias. SPR had divided Malaysia into 154 parliamentary constituencies. Usually 2 or 1 weeks before the Election Day, there will be a day of nominating of the representatives. Each of the political party will choose their candidate to compete in the election in one particular parliamentary constituency. The candidates are among people who have good education background and have the knowledge about politics. The party also has to pay betting money to each of their candidates. The current betting money is 15 thousand ringgit. Also, the party will start to campaign to the people. Even though the party chooses the candidates to be as their representative in the parliamentary, it is the people who have the power to vote the best representative. People who qualify to vote are depending on the country. Malaysia only allow their citizen age 21 above to vote. People who don’t have citizenship status cannot vote.            After the Election Day, the party who has the majority winning (2/3 from the parliament sets) will start to form the government. The leader (president) of the party with the largest number of members elected to the House of Representative is usually summoned by the king and invited to form a government. If the winning party has an absolute majority over all other parties, the job is straightforward. If no party has an absolute majority it may be necessary to form a minority or a coalition government. A minority is one that has to depend on the support of another party. This may involve some modification of the government party’s programmed.            In times of a national crisis, such as war, the major parties may agree on a joint programmed and form a Coalition government. This normally involves a truce in party politics and ministerial posts are held by members of all the participating parties.            The party leader who becomes Prime Minister decides which of his supporters shall be Ministers in charge of the various Departments of the government and submits the list to the king for approval. On taking office, Ministers receive their seal of office from the king. From the Ministers of key portfolios, the Prime Minister appoints those who will form the cabinet.             The cabinet meets in private under the Chairmanship of the Prime Minister and is responsible for the general policy of the government. The present Cabinet consist of the Prime Minister, the Deputy Prime Minister, Home Minister, Finance Minister, Minister for Education, Minister for Labour, Minister for Transport, Minister for Commence and Industry and those full ministerial rank who matter much in the national scheme of things. Ministers who are politician are in charge of their Departments but they usually consult the permanent officials of the Civil Service. They are responsible for every action of their officials and can be questioned in the House about anything done in the Departments. Ministers have divided their time between supervising their own Departments and their duties in the parliament.             The head offices of most Departments are in the city, for example Putrajaya, Moscow, Washington D.C ext. However, there are also other government offices in the various states and different parts of the country. They are staffed by civil servants who carry out the policies decided by the government. Civil Servants are permanent officers and do not change with each new government.

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Health and medicine in Islamic perspective

According to book “Al-Kulliyat fi al-tib”, medicine means completion of contents, conclusions and parts of foundation of trade work. It also can be identified as introduction to people who like to tell about association of trade work, keeping body in healthy and avoiding from ill. Since the medicine as the trade work, it can be divided into three understanding such topic, purpose and tool that help the purpose.

“Preventive medicine is especially important and has been neglected as a major factor in health care. In fact, it is well documented but little known that most of the health gains (expressed as life expectancy, morbidity, and mortality) attributed to modem medicine are principally due to advancements in diet and sanitation, rather than to the more complex technologies. Preventive medicine as a natural measure of therapeutic stresses the involvement of the individual in his own health care. This is accomplished by educating the patient as to proper nutrition, hygiene and physical activities. Equally important are the psychological and spiritual factors as these can greatly influence the disease.”

Just like the prevention, medicine also encompasses a curative or treatments, natural approaches have been used in the process of healing. Since a long time ago, man has direction and form to protect himself from sickness, weakness and sadness. Some do meditation while some others keep their diet in natural foods and herbs. Protecting from diseases, keeping body and mentality healthy, strong and happy are usage of prevention and curative.

In keeping health both psychological and physical Islam provides evidences in both Qur’an and Hadith. Whatever one decides in term of medicines has to refer to both of them, it is because Islam is the best way in these life. As Allah has created human being and gave them life, death, sickness, it is true that Allah created a cure.

As far as the Prophet is concerned, related to the healing of diseases, it was reported by Jabir bin Abdullah that Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) said:
“For any disease there is a cure, and when the cure matches the disease, the person recovers by the will of Allah …..”

The prophet also said about the healing of diseases:
It was reported by Abu Hurairah that the Prophet (pbuh) said:”Allah never inflicts a disease unless he makes a cure for it. …”

As far as the treatment of diseases it was reported by Usamah bin Shareek saying:
“I was with the Prophet (pbuh) and Arabs came to him asking: ‘O messenger of Allah: Do we take medicine for treatment?’ He said: ‘Yes, Oh you the servants of Allah, take medicine, as Allah Almighty has not created a disease without having created a cure for it except one disease.’ They asked, ‘What it is?’ He said: ‘Old age.”‘ In another saying: “Allah never inflicts a disease without providing a cure; only those who were aware of it knew it, whereas those who were not aware, were ignorant of it.”

As far as the preventive approach in health, Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) said:
“An ounce of prevention is better than a ton of treatment.”
Islam requires its followers to take benefit from their lives. It cold be done by encouraging their health or at least maintain them and discouraging occurrence of illness. So that Muslim can do their worship to God optimally and sincerely. It is done trough prevention (prophylaxis), diagnosis, treatment, and cure.
Health is the main element of human being’s life. The element is including physical as well as mentally health. In Islam there are two kinds of health which are Jismiyah and Ruhiyah (body and soul). The direction of both body and soul have been stated in the holly Qur’an and Hadith, the both explanation regarding to medicine have been written in many books by Muslim scholars along time ago.

It is can be pronounced that improvement now a day is based on the books. Thus, their inventions were contributed significantly in medicine world. It is because they took source from both Qur’an and Hadith.
Since it has been stated that prevention is the best treatment, the writer suggests to Muslim to be aware about their health. Moreover, the cost of hospitality present day is expensive, it is good for Muslim to prevent and avoid any disease or illness.

Define the Electoral System

Electoral system is a set of rules for conducting an election. It include rules relating to the administration of election, the method of casting the vote, candidates and parties taking part in election and delineation of electoral constituencies. Questions following are the deal questions with an electoral system: Which offices are to be filled in through voting? Who has the right to vote? Who should votes to be converted into seat?
Generally, the prime minister and members of parliament, the offices of the president are usually elected. However, there are many other offices that could be filled through voting.

An electoral system specifies the number of offices to be filled and the mode of voting as well. Canada, for example, has a bicameral legislature but the senate is an appointed body. On the other hands, New Zealand has a unicameral legislature. Australia has two levels of elected sub-national government: state and local. Hence the numbers of offices to be filled through election vary state to state, and these have to be specified by electoral system.

The right is another significant element of electoral system. It deals with the question of who can vote. Most countries apply the principle of universal. Franchise which gives every qualified in the community the right to vote. In most democracies, the most common age limit is twenty-one years. In many countries, like Canada, Malaysia and Great Britain, the minimum limit is eighteen years. However, Indonesia applies seventeen as a limit. Previously, there were several countries apply the genre and citizenship to determine the franchise. For example, in first Canadian election in 1867, women and native Canadians were denied their right to vote. Women got their right to vote in 1918 and the native Indians got theirs in 1960.

The most talked about element of an electoral system is the rule for converting votes into seats. There are two broad types of electoral system in use in almost all democracies: proportional representative system (PR) and single member district plurality system (SMDP).